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做降解的必须知道:最全生物降解塑料检测标准与认证盘点!

2021-10-18 08:00:00

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每个行业都有自己的标准与规范,降解行业也不例外。针对生物降解塑料,国内国外都有出台大量的相关标准,来对市场进行规范,并有对应的标识便于监管。
商家如何证明自己的产品是可降解的?在国外通常需要做认证。它们大多采用认证的形式,由市场来做自由选择,出口不同的国家有不同的认证要求。国内则不太一样,在海南,并不需要做认证。海南采用的是监管码的形式来监管,只需要做相应的生物降解性能的检测报告,加上对应关键项目的补充即可。

国内生物降解塑料的检测方法与标准

1、通用标准
2、原料标准
3、产品标准
4、检测方法

国际标准化组织 

国际标准化组织(ISO)中专门从事生物降解塑料有关标准的制定和推广工作的是TC 61塑料技术委员会下属的SC5物理化学性质组生物可降解性工作组WG22。
主要标准有:

国外生物降解塑料认证机构及认证相关的注意事项和要求

一、产品认证机构一览表

二、DIN CERTCO(德国标准化学会认证中心)

1、依据标准

•欧洲标准化委员会(CEN)---“The European Committee for Standardization”

•EN13432-2000《包装物---通过堆肥和生物降解来回收的包装物要求---最终可接受包装物的试验计划和评价标准》

•美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)---“American Society for Testing and materials”

• ASTM D6400-2004《可堆肥化塑料规范》

• 德国标准化学会(DIN)---“Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. ”

•DIN V 54900 《通过堆肥实验检测生物降解塑料生物降解性》

Logo标识

2、检测项目(EN13432)

•生物分解率测试(检测依据:ISO14855“塑料材料在受控堆肥环境下最终需氧生物降解度的测定---二氧化碳增量分析法”)
•堆肥期间崩解率测试(检测依据:ISO16929“塑料---在实验室定义堆肥化中试条件下测定塑料的分解度”
•生态无毒性测试(又称“植物种植试验”;检测依据:国际经济合作与发展组织简称经合组织OECD208指引“陆生植物生长试验”)

•重金属含量测试(不允许11种重金属如:砷、镉、铜、铅、汞、镍、硒、锌、铬、钴、钼含量超标)

3、证书适用范围
• 适用地区:欧洲
•侧重国家:奥地利、比利时、捷克斯洛伐克共和国、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱 尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国
4、生物降解塑料认证
• 所需资料:申请表、产品成分比例信息、检测报告
• 认证耗时:4周~6周(信息完整前提下)
• 认证费用:EUR2,200.00~EUR2,500.00
• 证书有效期:自发证日起,有效期无限期(每年支付EUR215.00证书管理费)
5、生物降解塑料制成品认证
• 所需资料:申请表(产品成分比例信息,包括是否含有颜料添加剂、油墨颜色及印刷比重比例)、颜料及油墨的重金属检测报告、油墨的MSDS(化学品安全技术说明书)、制成品红外光谱分析检测报告
• 认证耗时:4周~6周(信息完整前提下)
• 认证费用:EUR2,700.00~EUR3,000.00
• 证书有效期:自发证日起,有效期3年(每年支付EUR215.00证书管理费)
6、注意事项
• 送检样品的厚度直接影响认证产品的最大厚度
• 已认证产品的成分比例若发生重大变化,务必重新认证
• 生物降解塑料制成品认证使用的油墨种类及油墨颜色
三、AIB-Vincotte(比利时)
1、依据标准
•欧洲标准化委员会(CEN)---“The European Committee for Standardization”
•EN13432-2000《包装物---通过堆肥和生物降解来回收的包装物要求---最终可接受包装物的试验计划和评价标准》
•美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)---“American Society for Testing and materials”
•ASTM D6866-2004《用放射性碳分析法测定固体、液体和气体试样生物含量的试验方法》
Logo标识

EN13432 适用工业化堆肥系统

EN13432 适用家庭式堆肥系统

ASTM 适用生物基材料
2、检测项目(EN13432)
•生物分解率测试(检测依据:ISO14855“塑料材料在受控堆肥环境下最终需氧生物降解度的测定---二氧化碳增量分析法”)
•堆肥期间崩解率测试(检测依据:ISO16929“塑料---在实验室定义堆肥化中试条件下测定塑料的分解度”
•生态无毒性测试(又称“植物种植试验”;检测依据:国际经济合作与发展组织简称经合组织OECD208指引“陆生植物生长试验”)
•重金属含量测试(不允许11种重金属如:砷、镉、铜、铅、汞、镍、硒、锌、铬、钴、钼含量超标)
• 详细内容请见“检测报告”
• ASTM D6866-2004《用放射性碳分析法测定固体、液体和气体试样生物含量的试验方法》
• 测定材料中“放射性同位素碳14”的含量,以确定生物质的含量
3、证书适用范围
• 适用地区:东欧、西欧

• 侧重国家:比利时、法国、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、匈牙利、斯洛伐克共和国

4、 生物降解塑料认证
• 所需资料:申请表、产品成分比例信息、检测报告
• 认证耗时:4周~6周(信息完整前提下)
• 认证费用:EUR2,900.00~EUR3,000.00
• 证书有效期:自发证日起,有效期20个月(每年支付EUR1,277.00证书管理费)
5、生物降解塑料制成品认证
• 所需资料:申请表(产品成分比例信息,包括是否含有颜料添加剂、油墨颜色及印刷比重比例)、颜料及油墨的重金属检测报告、油墨的MSDS(化学品安全技术说明书)、制成品红外光谱分析检测报告
• 认证耗时:4周~6周(信息完整前提下)
• 认证费用:EUR2,500.00~EUR3,000.00
• 证书有效期:自发证日起,有效期20个月(每年支付EUR1,277.00证书管理费)
6、注意事项
• 送检样品的厚度直接影响认证产品的最大厚度
• 已认证产品的成分比例若发生重大变化,务必重新认证
• 生物降解塑料制成品认证使用的油墨种类及油墨颜色
四、OK biobased
• 美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)---“American Society for Testing and materials”
• ASTM D6866-2004《用放射性碳分析法测定固体、液体和气体试样生物含量的试验方法》
• 2009年9月针对材料首次推出认证,从2010年1月起范围扩大至制成品
• Logo标识

一星级 生物质含量20%-40%

二星级 生物质含量40%-60%

三星级 生物质含量60%-80%

四星级 生物质含量80%以上

五、BPI (美国生物分解塑料研究所)
(BPI)---“The Biodegradable Products Institute”
依据标准
•美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)---“American Society for Testing and materials”
• ASTM D6400-2004《可堆肥化塑料规范》
Logo标识

六、ABA(澳大利亚生物分解塑料协会)

 (ABA)---“The Australasian Bioplastics Association”
1、依据标准
• 澳大利亚标准化组织 (SA)---“Standards Australia ”
•AS4736-2006《包装物---通过堆肥和生物降解来回收的包装物要求---最终可接受包装物的试验计划和评价标准》
•EN13432-2000《包装物---通过堆肥和生物降解来回收的包装物要求---最终可接受包装物的试验计划和评价标准》+国际经济合作与发展组织简称经合组织OECD207指引“蚯蚓毒理测试”
• Logo标识

2、检测项目(AS4736-2006)

•生物分解率测试(检测依据:ISO14855“塑料材料在受控堆肥环境下最终需氧生物降解度的测定---二氧化碳增量分析法”)
•堆肥期间崩解率测试(检测依据:ISO16929“塑料---在实验室定义堆肥化中试条件下测定塑料的分解度”
•生态无毒性测试(又称“植物种植试验”;检测依据:国际经济合作与发展组织简称经合组织OECD208指引“陆生植物生长试验”)
•重金属含量测试(不允许11种重金属如:砷、镉、铜、铅、汞、镍、硒、锌、铬、钴、钼含量超标)
•蚯蚓毒理测试(检测依据:国际经济合作与发展组织简称经合组织OECD207指引“蚯蚓毒理测试”)
3、证书适用范围
• 适用国家:澳大利亚、新西兰
• 侧重国家:澳大利亚
4、生物降解塑料认证
• 所需资料:申请表、产品成分比例信息、检测报告
• 认证耗时:4周~6周(信息完整前提下)
• 认证费用:AUS700.00~AUS1,200.00
• 证书有效期:自发证日起,有效期2年
5、生物降解塑料制成品认证
• 所需资料:申请表(产品成分比例信息,包括是否含有颜料添加剂、油墨颜色及印刷比重比例)、颜料及油墨的重金属检测报告、油墨的MSDS(化学品安全技术说明书)、制成品红外光谱分析检测报告
• 认证耗时:4周~6周(信息完整前提下)
• 认证费用:AUS700.00~AUS1,200.00
• 证书有效期:自发证日起,有效期2年
6、注意事项
• 送检样品的厚度直接影响认证产品的最大厚度
• 已认证产品的成分比例若发生重大变化,务必重新认证
• 生物降解塑料制成品认证使用的油墨种类及油墨颜色
七、其他认证机构
Jatelaito Syhdistys
日本生物分解塑料协会(JBPA)---“Japan Bioplastics Association”
Logo标识

Jatelaito syhdistys 芬兰

JBPA 日本
本文来源:生物降解材料研究院
电子商务包装&供应链展览会
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        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • update `news` set `hits` = `hits` + 1, `updated_at` = '2025-07-23 09:17:28' where `id` = '1831'3.58ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:301ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2025-07-23 09:17:28
        • 1. 1831
        Backtrace
        • 12. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:301
        • 15. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 20. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 23. middleware::front:33
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 26. middleware::languages:23
        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 29. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 32. middleware::bindings:41
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 35. middleware::csrf:67
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
      • select * from `navigation` where `navigation`.`id` = '23' limit 13.63ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:303ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 16. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:303
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 24. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::front:33
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::languages:23
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::bindings:41
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. middleware::csrf:67
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select * from `navigation` where `id` = '23' limit 13.62ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342
        • 14. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:311
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 22. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 25. middleware::front:33
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 28. middleware::languages:23
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 31. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 34. middleware::bindings:41
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 37. middleware::csrf:67
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
      • select * from `navigation` where `id` = '21' limit 13.66ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342
        • 14. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:347
        • 15. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:311
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 23. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 26. middleware::front:33
        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 29. middleware::languages:23
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 32. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 35. middleware::bindings:41
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 38. middleware::csrf:67
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
      • select `n`.*, `nl`.`title`, `nl`.`cover`, `nl`.`content`, `nl`.`explain`, `nl`.`external_link` from `news` as `n` left join `news_lang` as `nl` on `nl`.`news_id` = `n`.`id` and `nl`.`lang` = 'zh-CN' where `n`.`id` < '1831' and `n`.`category_id` = '2' and `nl`.`title` is not null order by `id` desc limit 15.53ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:322ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. zh-CN
        • 1. 1831
        • 2. 2
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:322
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 21. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 24. middleware::front:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::languages:23
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select `n`.*, `nl`.`title`, `nl`.`cover`, `nl`.`content`, `nl`.`explain`, `nl`.`external_link` from `news` as `n` left join `news_lang` as `nl` on `nl`.`news_id` = `n`.`id` and `nl`.`lang` = 'zh-CN' where `n`.`id` > '1831' and `n`.`category_id` = '2' and `nl`.`title` is not null limit 17.61ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:331ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. zh-CN
        • 1. 1831
        • 2. 2
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:331
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 21. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 24. middleware::front:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::languages:23
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select * from `navigation` where `id` = '23' limit 13.61ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:333ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 23
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:333
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 21. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 24. middleware::front:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::languages:23
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select * from `navigation` where `lang` = 'zh-CN' and `footer` = '1' order by `priority` desc11.17ms/app/Table/Navigation.php:53ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. zh-CN
        • 1. 1
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • 12. /app/Table/Navigation.php:53
        • 13. /app/Http/ViewComposers/FooterComposer.php:18
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:179
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:118
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:85
        • 21. view::public.base:48
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:137
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:120
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:85
        • 27. view::news_details:58
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:137
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:120
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:85
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Http/Response.php:39
        • 34. /vendor/symfony/http-foundation/Response.php:199
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:711
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:685
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 39. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. middleware::front:33
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. middleware::languages:23
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        visit
        array:2 [ "name" => "Guest" "user" => array:1 [ "guest" => true ] ]
        expo
        array:2 [ "name" => "Guest" "user" => array:1 [ "guest" => true ] ]
        admin
        array:2 [ "name" => "Guest" "user" => array:1 [ "guest" => true ] ]
          _token
          qawPr6U1sUx46bV6RQfg6vdfDymXYYWErjuT9gJZ
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://ipfmexpo.com/press/detail/1831/23" ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          status_text
          OK
          status_code
          200
          request_query
          []
          request_request
          []
          request_headers
          array:17 [ "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 =>...
          request_server
          array:42 [ "USER" => "www" "HOME" => "/home/www" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_ACCEPT_EN...
          request_cookies
          []
          response_headers
          array:5 [ "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ ...
          path_info
          /press/detail/1831/23
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          array:3 [ "_token" => "qawPr6U1sUx46bV6RQfg6vdfDymXYYWErjuT9gJZ" "_previous" => array:1 [ "u...