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透平真空泵与水环泵效率浅析

2022-05-03 12:33:11
作者简介
温建新先生,1995年毕业于江西农业大学能源工程专业,先后在浙江大学、西安交通大学学习,现任振欣透平机械制造有限公司副总经理、总工程师。获得过省科技进步二等奖、区科技进步二等奖,申请获得3项发明专利、多项实用新型专利。

最近几年,透平式真空泵在纸机成纸脱水中已经广泛取代了水环式真空泵。但对于透平真空泵和水环泵效率比较问题,有人提出,由于透平式真空泵和水环式真空泵工作原理不一样,通常效率的提法也不一样,因此不能以透平泵铭牌效率与水环泵铭牌效率做简单的差值比较,来说明透平泵比水环泵效率高多少。下面针对这一问题做简单阐述。

关于透平真空泵与水环真空泵效率表述

透平真空泵的效率有三种表述方式:等温效率(ηT)、等熵效率(ηS)、多变效率(ηpol)。对于单级透平真空泵来说,工厂试验效率一般指的是多变效率(ηpol)。

水环真空泵在气体的压缩过程中,气体的热量大部分传给了水,因此可把水环真空泵的压缩过程看作是等温压缩过程,因此效率也是采用等温效率。

透平真空泵多变效率与等温效率的转换
为了便于对比,可把透平真空泵的多变效率转换成等温效率进行比较。对于同一台透平真空泵,其内部功率是一样的。

Pin=Ppol/ηpol+Pα+PL=PT/ηT+Pα+PL(1)

其中,气体的多变压缩功率Ppol=Qm×Wpol/(6×104)

气体的等温压缩功率PT=Qm×WT/(6×104)

因此,Wpol/ηpol=WT/ηT (2)

式中,多变过程的比压缩功Wpol=[m/(m-1)]×R×T1×[ε(m-1)/m-1]

等温过程的比压缩功WT=R×T1×lnε

ε—压比,透平真空泵或水环真空泵进出口全压之比

m/(m-1)=[k/(k-1)]ηpol(k为绝热指数,空气为1.4)

以压比ε=2(入口真空度约50kPa)、多变效率ηpol=83%为例,代入方程(1),可得此时对应的等温效率ηT=73.5%。

对于透平真空泵,其效率曲线如图1。

根据以上的换算方法,透平真空泵的等温效率在60%~75%左右(这也是粗略的估算法,在不同压比下,同样的多变效率、等温效率也会有差异)。

另外从图1也可以看出,在喘振点流量以上,效率呈连续下降趋势。如果透平真空泵实际运行中流量偏大,会出现效率明显下降,这时与水环泵比较会出现节能效果不显著的现象。

水环真空泵效率

如前所述,水环真空泵的效率指的是等温效率ηT。通常水环泵的效率在30%~60%之间,图2是2BE705-1水环泵的性能曲线。

图2上的性能是基于进气温度20℃、进水温度15℃、排气压力101.3kPa的条件下,被吸入气体为饱和空气。

但实际工程使用中,水环真空泵的供水温度、供水量、进气温度、水质等使用条件都较难把控,实际使用的效率会低于工厂测试效率。

水环泵的结构及其叶轮腐蚀情况

透平真空泵等温效率与水环真空泵等温效率的比较

由上面的推算可知,透平真空泵的等温效率通常会在60%~75%之间,水环真空泵的效率通常在30%~60%之间(一般转速低、泵型号大,效率高),因此,在选型都比较合理的前提下,水环泵也按要求工作在正常工况下,实际上透平真空泵比水环真空泵等温效率高25%~30%比较正常。至于在改造中出现40%以上的节电率,往往是水环真空泵使用年限较长,出现了腐蚀或结垢现象,也可能是液环水量、水温控制不到位。

透平真空泵的核心部件及其外形

合理选型和管道布置对真空系统的能耗影响很大

随着企业管理的精细化,越来越重视工艺性节能,对于真空系统来说,提升气水分离的效果,优化真空管道布置,使管道损失控制在3kPa以内(有些资料介绍,甚至把真空管道系统最大压降要求在175~350Pa),在现场改造中,经常出现水环泵的真空比现场真空高10~20kPa的现象。以15kPa为例,假如水环真空泵上的流量为200m3/min、真空度为60kPa,实际使用点的真空为45kPa,并满足了生产要求,根据气体状态方程P1V1=P2V2(假设温度从使用点至水环泵入口保持不变),这时从使用点流出的流量V2=200×40/55=145.5m3/min。假使管道损失能控制在3kPa,这时实际水环真空泵可按流量154m3/min、真空度48kPa选型。从水环真空泵等温压缩功计算公式:PT=38.37×P1×QV×lg(P2/P1)可知,等温压缩功正比lg(P2/P1),这样压缩功将近相差40%。这是一个很可观的数字。

结束语

(1)不能简单地依据铭牌效率去比较透平真空泵与水环真空泵的效率,通常两者的表述方式不一样。要比较也需通过换算。

(2)在水环泵和透平真空泵都能合理选型与布置的前提下,透平真空泵比水环泵节电率在20%~30%是比较正常的。

(3)工艺选型和管道布置的不合理,是纸机真空系统比较普遍的现象。如在改造成透平真空泵时加以消除,可使节电率上升至40%左右甚至更高。

(4)透平真空泵的使用能大大减少甚至消除水环真空泵排气中的白烟以及随白烟夹带的异味,有一定的环境效益。

参考文献
[1]徐忠.离心式压缩机原理.
[2]中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T1392-92.水环真空泵和水环压缩机试验方法.
[3]B.A.绍帕编.最新纸机抄造工艺.
[4]中华人民共和国机械行业标准JB/T3165-1999.离心和轴流式鼓风机和压缩机热力性能试验.

 

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        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::bindings:41
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. middleware::csrf:67
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select * from `navigation` where `id` = '111' limit 13.8ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 111
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342
        • 14. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:311
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 22. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 25. middleware::front:33
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 28. middleware::languages:23
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 31. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 34. middleware::bindings:41
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 37. middleware::csrf:67
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
      • select * from `navigation` where `id` = '21' limit 13.73ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 21
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:342
        • 14. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:347
        • 15. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:311
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 23. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 26. middleware::front:33
        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 29. middleware::languages:23
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 32. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 35. middleware::bindings:41
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 38. middleware::csrf:67
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
      • select `n`.*, `nl`.`title`, `nl`.`cover`, `nl`.`content`, `nl`.`explain`, `nl`.`external_link` from `news` as `n` left join `news_lang` as `nl` on `nl`.`news_id` = `n`.`id` and `nl`.`lang` = 'zh-CN' where `n`.`id` < '2230' and `n`.`category_id` = '6' and `nl`.`title` is not null order by `id` desc limit 111.25ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:322ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. zh-CN
        • 1. 2230
        • 2. 6
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:322
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 21. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 24. middleware::front:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::languages:23
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select `n`.*, `nl`.`title`, `nl`.`cover`, `nl`.`content`, `nl`.`explain`, `nl`.`external_link` from `news` as `n` left join `news_lang` as `nl` on `nl`.`news_id` = `n`.`id` and `nl`.`lang` = 'zh-CN' where `n`.`id` > '2230' and `n`.`category_id` = '6' and `nl`.`title` is not null limit 13.85ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:331ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. zh-CN
        • 1. 2230
        • 2. 6
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:331
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 21. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 24. middleware::front:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::languages:23
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select * from `navigation` where `id` = '111' limit 13.67ms/app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:333ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 111
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
        Backtrace
        • 13. /app/Http/Controllers/IndexController.php:333
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:212
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:169
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 21. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 24. middleware::front:33
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 27. middleware::languages:23
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 30. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 33. middleware::bindings:41
        • 34. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 36. middleware::csrf:67
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 39. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Middleware/ShareErrorsFromSession.php:49
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Session/Middleware/StartSession.php:63
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php:37
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cookie/Middleware/EncryptCookies.php:59
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
      • select * from `navigation` where `lang` = 'zh-CN' and `footer` = '1' order by `priority` desc12.83ms/app/Table/Navigation.php:53ecpaklog_db
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. zh-CN
        • 1. 1
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • 12. /app/Table/Navigation.php:53
        • 13. /app/Http/ViewComposers/FooterComposer.php:18
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:179
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:118
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:85
        • 21. view::public.base:48
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:137
        • 25. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:120
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:85
        • 27. view::news_details:58
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:59
        • 30. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:137
        • 31. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:120
        • 32. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/View.php:85
        • 33. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Http/Response.php:39
        • 34. /vendor/symfony/http-foundation/Response.php:199
        • 35. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:711
        • 36. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:685
        • 37. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:645
        • 38. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:30
        • 39. middleware::selectNav:33
        • 40. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 41. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 42. middleware::front:33
        • 43. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 44. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 45. middleware::languages:23
        • 46. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        • 47. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Pipeline.php:53
        • 48. middleware::OperationLog:77
        • 49. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:149
        visit
        array:2 [ "name" => "Guest" "user" => array:1 [ "guest" => true ] ]
        expo
        array:2 [ "name" => "Guest" "user" => array:1 [ "guest" => true ] ]
        admin
        array:2 [ "name" => "Guest" "user" => array:1 [ "guest" => true ] ]
          _token
          iMBnob8oJNJTrdOZxrLwDEzz21R4fuu74pYkwaR1
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://ipfmexpo.com/press/detail/2230/111" ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          status_text
          OK
          status_code
          200
          request_query
          []
          request_request
          []
          request_headers
          array:17 [ "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 =>...
          request_server
          array:42 [ "USER" => "www" "HOME" => "/home/www" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_ACCEPT_EN...
          request_cookies
          []
          response_headers
          array:5 [ "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ ...
          path_info
          /press/detail/2230/111
          session_attributes
          array:3 [ "_token" => "iMBnob8oJNJTrdOZxrLwDEzz21R4fuu74pYkwaR1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "u...